APPENDIX1. CHARACTERS USED IN PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF HOPLOCERCID LIZARDS
Characters are categorized as either fixed, polymorphic, meristic, or morphometric. Autapomorphies and ordering of multistate, fixed characters are also noted. The consistency index (ci) of each character is given, with the slash denoting the ci on the between-state scaling and between-character scaling trees, respectively. Character states are designated as "0" or "1" for the purposes of description (not to indicate polarity), and polymorphic characters were coded in a more complex manner in the actual data matrix.
External Morphology
1. Dorsal head scales: (0) not pointed and conical, (1) some or all pointed and conical. Fixed and qualitative (ci = 1.000/0.167).
2. Minimum number of scales separating circumorbitals medially. Meristic (ci = 0.599/0.258). Brachylophus fasciatus was scored as unknown ("?") because the circumorbitals are poorly differentiated.
3. Raised, dorsally projecting scales just posterior to superciliaries, on lateral edge of skull roof: (0) absent, (1) present. Polymorphic (ci = 0.515/0.187).
4. Posterior superciliarly scales: (0) not enlarged, (1) enlarged, pointed, and projecting laterally. Fixed, uninformative (autapomorphy of Enyalioides palpebralis).
5. Minimum number of lorilabials scales separating subocular and supralabials (below eye). Meristic (ci = 0.433/0.360)
6. Number of scales contacting mental posteriorly (excluding labials). Meristic (ci = 0.417)
7. Number of scales contacting rostral (excluding labials). Meristic (ci = 0.525/0.304)
8. Scales in gular region (Frost and Etheridge, 1989): (0) smooth, (1) some or all distinctly conical. Fixed (ci = 0.500/0.167)
9. Dorsals: (0) smooth, (1) distinctly keeled. Polymorphic (ci = 0.281/0.154).
10. Mid-dorsal row of enlarged scales (Etheridge and de Queiroz, 1988): (0) absent, (1) present. Fixed (ci = 0.333/0.250).
11. Scales of mid-dorsal row: (0) not raised, (1) raised, projecting above surrounding scales. Fixed (ci = 0.500).
12. Mid-dorsal scale row: (0) extends onto tail, (1) absent or indistinct on anterior portion of tail. Polymorphic (ci = 0.318).
13. Mid-dorsal crest scales: (0) single row, (1) some scales paired in nuchal region. Not scored in M. annularis, with poorly developed crest scales. Polymorphic (ci = 0.692).
14. Mid-dorsal crest: (0) continuous in nuchal region, (1) with distinct gap in nuchal region. Not scored in Morunasaurus annularis. Polymorphic (ci = 0.945).
15. Mid-dorsal crest scales: (0) single on tail, (1) paired on tail. Not scored in Morunasaurus annularis. Fixed (ci = 1.000/0.500).
16. Longitudinal series of enlarged dorsolateral scales (Etheridge and de Queiroz, 1988): (0) absent, (1) present. Polymorphic (ci = 0.492/0.248).
17. Enlarged dorsal scales between dorsolateral and mid-dorsal scale rows: (0) absent, (1) present. Polymorphic (ci = 0.318/0.171).
18. Enlarged scales on flanks, ventral to dorsolateral scale row: (0) absent, (1) present. Polymorphic (ci = 0.343/0.181).
19. Ventral scales at mid-body: (0) smooth, (1) some or all keeled. Polymorphic (ci = 0.253/0.145).
20. Irregularly placed, enlarged scales or spines on dorsal surface of thigh: (0) absent, (1) present. Polymorphic (ci = 0.333/0.198).
21. Spines or enlarged scales on foot over fourth and fifth metatarsals: (0) absent, (1) present. Fixed (ci = 0.333).
22. Femoral pores in males (one side). Meristic (ci = 0.482/0.377).
23. Caudal scales (Etheridge and de Queiroz, 1988): (0) homogeneous, (1) heterogeneous, scales increasing in size posteriorly within each segment. Fixed (ci = 0.333/0.200).
24. Caudal scales (Etheridge and de Queiroz, 1988): (0) not developed into distinct spines, (1) some scales developed into distinct spines. Fixed (ci = 0.500/0.333).
25. Tail (Etheridge and de Queiroz, 1988): (1) not short, flattened, and heavily spinous, (1) short, flattened, heavily spinous. Uninformative, autapomorphy of Hoplocercus spinosus.
26. Number of rows of caudal scales per segment, measured one head length (tip of snout to posterior edge of retroarticular process) from level of posterior hind limb insertion, and at roughly mid-height of tail. Meristic (ci = 0.477/0.411). Some outgroup taxa were scored as unknown because the limits of caudal segments were unclear.
27. Tail shape (Etheridge and de Queiroz, 1988): (0) rounded or flattened in cross-section, not laterally compressed, (1) laterally compressed. Polymorphic (ci = 0.200/0.142).
28. Dorsal surface of head scales: (0) not dark with light spots, (1) dark, with a lighter-colored spot on many scales. Polymorphic (ci = 0.791).
29. White-bordered black collar, continuous with gular patch: (0) absent, (1) present. Polymorphic (ci = 0.309/0.236).
30. Black gular patch (in males, in preservative): (0) absent, (1) present. Polymorphic (ci = 0.467/0.241).
31. Dark gular patch: (0) on throat, (1) in gular fold only. Uninformative, autapomorphy of Enyalioides oshaughnessyi.
32. Black pigmentation on belly: (0) absent, (1) present. Fixed (ci = 0.333).
33. Black belly and gular patches: (0) separate, (1) continuous. Uninformative.
34. Dark spot below eye: (0) absent, (1) present. Polymorphic (ci = 0.272/0.203).
35. Ratio of hind limb length to SVL. Hind limb length measured from groin (angle formed by lateral surface of body and anterior surface of thigh) to distal extremity of digit IV (including claw). SVL (snout-vent length) measured from anterior margin of rostral to anterior margin of cloacal opening. Values were log10-transformed prior to analysis. Morphometric (ci = 0.467/0.365).
Osteology
36. Lacrimal bone (Etheridge and de Queiroz, 1988): (0) present, (1) absent. Polymorphic (ci = 0.444).
37. Prefrontal: (0) projects over lacrimal region, (1) does not project. Fixed (ci = 0.200).
38. Postorbital, posteriorly projecting squamosal process: (0) present, (1) absent. Uninformative, autapomorphy of E. palpebralis.
39. Squamosal postorbital process: (0) relatively narrow, (1) relatively wide. Uninformative, autapomorphy of E. palpebralis.
40. Parietal foramen (Etheridge and de Queiroz, 1988): (0) present, (1) absent. Polymorphic (ci = 0.167/0.158).
41. Ratio of parietal width to length. Parietal width is the distance between the distal extremities of the parietal at the frontoparietal suture. Parietal length is the distance between the anterior margin of the parietal (at the frontoparietal suture) and the distal (i.e. posterior) extremities of the para-occipital processes of the parietal. Values were log10-transformed prior to analysis. Morphometric (ci = 0.312/0.249).
42. Paired, enlarged dermal tubercles on posterolateral surface of parietal roof: (0) absent, (1) present. Uninformative, autapomorphy of E. palpebralis.
43. Medial contact of vomerine processes of palatines: (0) present, (1) absent. Fixed (ci = 0.333).
44. Palatine process of the pterygoid: (0) does not extend forward to the anterior margin of the inferior orbital fenestra, (1) extends well forward to the anterior margin of the inferior orbital fenestra. Fixed (ci = 0.333/0.250).
45. Vidian canal exit: (0) lateral to the sella turcica, (1) on the ventral surface of the parabasisphenoid. Uninformative, autapomorphy of H. spinosus.
46. Anterior surangular foramen (Frost and Etheridge, 1989): (0) dentary extends posteriorly above foramen, (1) dentary does not extend posteriorly above foramen. Fixed (ci = 0.200/0.167).
47. Splenial posterior extent (Frost and Etheridge, 1989): (0) terminates anterior to anterior edge of adductor fossa, (1) terminates at anterior edge of adductor fossa or more posteriorly. Fixed (ci = 0.500).
48. Posterior marginal teeth (Etheridge and de Queiroz, 1988): (0) tapered, tiny secondary cusps, (1) slightly expanded, large secondary cusps, (2) strongly expanded, low central cusp, small fourth cusp. Fixed and ordered (ci = 0.500).
49. Premaxillary tooth number. Meristic (ci = 0.509/0.380).
50. Pterygoid tooth number (per side). Meristic (ci =0.475/0.286).
51. Scapular fenestra: (0) absent, (1) present. Polymorphic (ci = 0.200/0.178).
52. Clavicular fenestra (Etheridge and de Queiroz, 1988): (0) absent, (1) present. Polymorphic (ci = 0.375)
53. Posterior margin of clavicle (Etheridge and de Queiroz, 1988): (0) smooth curve, (1) angular or hooked, (2) irregular. Fixed and unordered (ci = 0.400/0.333).
54. Caudal autotomy (Etheridge and de Queiroz, 1988): (0) present, (1) absent. Fixed (ci = 0.167)
55. Sacral diapophyses: (0) robust and flattened, (1) slender and rounded. Uninformative, autapomorphy of H. spinosus.
56. Transverse processes of caudal vertebrae: (0) decrease in length throughout column, (1) increase in length from first to fourth. Uninformative, autapomorphy of H. spinosus.