Note: References treating marine mammals are marked by an asterisk (*).

Adams, S.B., R. Steckel, and W. Blevins. 1985. Diskospondylitis in five horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 186(3):270-272.

Adler, J.H., M. Schoenbaum, and R. Silberberg. 1983. Early onset of disk degeneration and spondylosis in sand rats (Psammomys obesus). Veterinary Pathology 20:13-22.

*Alexander, J.W., M.A. Solangi, and L.S. Riegel. 1989. Vertebral osteomyelitis and suspected diskospondylitis in an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 25(1):118-121.

*Barcellos, L.P. 1977. Nota sobre osteopatologia em um exemplar de Hyperoodon planifrons (Ziphiidae- Cetacea), Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Atlantica 2(1):118-123.

*Cowan, D.F. 1966. Pathology of the pilot whale Globicephala melaena. A comparative survey. Arch. Path. 82: 178-189.

*Crovetto, A. 1982. A propos d'une malformation laterale da la colonne vertebrale d'une baleine bleue, Balaenoptera musculus L. (Cetacea, Balaenipteridae) et de sa signification fonctionnelle. 107 Congres National des Societes Savantes, Brest, Sciences, Fasc. II:89-98.

*de Smet, W.M.A. 1977. The fate of old bottle-nosed dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, in nature as revealed by the condition of their skeletons. Aquatic Mammals 5(3):78-88.

*Fordyce, R.E., and A.G. Watson. 1998. Vertebral pathology in an early Oligocene whale (Cetacea, ?Mysticeti) from Wharekuri, North Otago, New Zealand. Mainzer naturwiss. Archiv/Beiheft 21:161-176.

*Gallo Reynoso, J.P., and F. Tovar Aguilar. 1989. Traumatismo vertebral en delfin comun Delphinus delphis (Cetacea: Delphinidae) por inclusion de espina de mantarraya Dasyatis sp. (Pisces: Dasyatidae). Vet, Mex. 20:277-279.

Gilmore, D.R. 1983. Diskospondylitis and multifocal osteomyelitis in two dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 182(1):64-66.

Hadlow, W.J. 1982. Pulmonary emboli of nucleus pulposus accompanying degeneration of intervertebral disks in ranch mink. Veterinary Pathology 19(4):444-447.

Harris, S. 1977. Spinal arthritis (Spondylitis deformans) in the red fox, Vulpes vulpes, with some methodology of relevance to zooarcheology. Journal of Archeological Science 4:183-195.

Harwell, G. 1982. Skeletal deformities in two species of exotic ruminants. Annual Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians 1982:84-85.

Henderson, R.A., B.F. Hoerlein, T.T. Kramer, and M.E. Meyer. 1974. Discospondylitis in three dogs infected with Brucella canis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 165(5):451-455.

Henson, S.W., Jr., and M.B. Coventry. 1956. Osteomyelitis of the vertebrae as the result of infection of the urinary tract. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 1956:207-214.

Henriques, C.Q. 1958. Osteomyelitis as a complication in urology. With special reference to the paravertebral venous plexus. Br. J. Surg. 46:19-28.

Hurov, L., G. Troy, and G. Turnwald. 1978. Diskospondylitis in the dog: 27 cases. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 173(3):275-281.

Johnson, R.G., and R.G. Prata. 1983. Intradiskal osteomyelitis: A conservative approach. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 19(5):743-750.

*Kinze, C.C. 1986. Note on the occurence of Spondylitis deformans in a sample of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena (L.)) taken in Danish waters. Aquatic Mammals 12(1):25-27.

*Kompanje, E.J.O. 1993. Vertebral osteophytosis in cetacea. Spondylosis or spondylitis. Z. Saugetierkunde (Hamburg) 58:316-318.

*Kompanje, E.J.O. 1995. On the occurrence of spondylosis deformans in white-beaked dolphins Lagenorhynchus albirostris (Gray, 1846) stranded on the Dutch coast. Zool. Med. Leiden 69:231-249.

*Kompanje, E.J.O. 1995. Differences between spondylo-osteomyelitis and spondylosis deformans in small odontocetes based on museum material. Aquatic Mammals 21(3):199-203.

Kornegay, J.N. 1980. Diskospondylitis in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 177(4):337-341.

Kulowski, J. 1936. Pyogenic osteomyelitis of the spine. An analysis and discussion of 102 cases. J. Bone Joint Surg. 18:343-364.

*Lagier, R. 1977. Spondylosis in the whale- an anatomicoradiological study of an osteophyte. Scand. J. Rheumatology 6:245-249.

Leigh, T.F., R.P. Kelly, H.S. Weens. Spinal osteomyelitis associated with urinary tract infections. Radiology 65:334-342.

*Morton, B. 1978. Osteomyelitis (pyogenic spondylitis) of the spine in a dolphin. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 173(9):1119-1120.

Nagpal, S.K., L.S. Sudhakar, and L.D. Dhingra. 1983. A note on the skeletal anomaly in a camel- Presence of a costiform process in the first lumbar vertebrae. Haryana Vet. 22(2):124-125.

*Nutman, A.W., and E.J. Kirk. 1988. Abnormalities in the axial skeleton of a risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus. N.Z. vet. J. 36:91-92.

*Osmond, M.G., and G.D. Kaufman. A heavily parasitized humpback whale (Megaptera novaengliae) Marine Mammal Science 14(1):146-149.

*Paterson, R.A. 1984. Spondylitis deformans in a byrde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni Anderson) stranded on the southern coast of Queensland. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 20(3):250-252.

Sierra, M.A., F.J. Luparello, J.R. Lewin. 1961. Vertebral osteomyelitis and urinary tract infection. Arch. Intern. Med. 108:128-131.

*Slijper, E.J. 1936. Die Cetaceen vergleichend anatomisch und systematisch. Capita Zoologica Vi & VII: 1-590.

*Thomas-Baker, B. 1986. Diskospondylitis in a California sea lion. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 189(9):1151.

Trueta, J. 1959. The three types of acute haematogenous osteomyelitis: A review of sixty- six cases. J. Bone Joint Surg. 41:671-680.

*Van Bree, P.J.H., and R. Duguy. 1970. Sur quelques aberrations pathologiques chez les petit Cetaces. Der Zoologische Garten 39:11-15.

Waldvogel, F.A., G. Medoff, M.N. Swartz. 1970. Osteomyelitis: A review of clinical features, therapeutic considerations and unusual aspects. (First of three parts). New Eng. J. Med. 282:198-205.

Waldvogel, F.A., G. Medoff, M.N. Swartz. 1970. Osteomyelitis: A review of clinical features, therapeutic considerations and unusual aspects. (Second of three parts). New Eng. J. Med. 282:260-266.

Waldvogel, F.A., G. Medoff, M.N. Swartz. 1970. Osteomyelitis: A review of clinical features, therapeutic considerations and unusual aspects. (Third of three parts). New Eng. J. Med. 282:316-322.

*Watson, A.G., and R.E. Fordyce. 1993. Skeleton of two minke whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, stranded on the south-east coast of New Zealand. New Zealand Natural Sciences 20:1-14.

*Wells, C., and P. Lawrance. 1976. A pathological dolphin. Medical and Biological Illustration 26:35-37.

Acknowledgements: Thanks to Jan Herrmann, Dr. Daniel F. Cowan, Alastair Watson, and Ben Haase for providing references.