References on Otoliths / Otolith Morphology

The following is a list of references on otoliths from my bibliographical database. It is by no means complete, there are thousands upon thousands of references on otoliths, my list contains only a few hundred. You will find relatively few references on ageing, most references are on otolith morphology (I am interested primarily in understanding otolith morphology, why otoliths differ in size and shape, and what these morphological differences mean for fishes). I apologize for not providing the list in a searchable format. For now you can use your browser's "find in page" function to look for particular terms.

Adams, L.A.. 1940. Some characteristic otoliths of American Ostariophysi. Journal of Morphology 66:497-519.

Aguirre, H., and A. Lombarte. 1999. Ecomorphological comparisons of sagittae in Mullus barbatus and M. surmuletus. Journal of Fish Biology 55:105-114.

Ahrenholz, D.W., G.R. Fitzhugh, J.A. Rice, S.W. Nixon, W.C. Pritchard. 1995. Confidence of otolith ageing through the juvenile stage for Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus. Fishery Bulletin 93:209-216.

Arellano, R.V., O. Hamerlynck, M. Vincx, J. Mees, K. Hostens, and W. Gijselinck. 1995. Changes in ratio of the sulcus acusticus area to the sagitta area of Pomatoschistus minutus and P. lozanoi (Pisces, Gobiidae). Marine Biology 122:355-360.

Baldas, M.I., Perez Macri, G., A.V. Volpedo, and D.D. Echeverria. 1997. Morfologia de la sagitta de peces marinos de la costa Bonarense de la Argentina: Carangidae, Sciaenidae, Mullidae. Atlantica 19:99-112.

Beamish, R.J., and G.A. McFarlane. 1983. The forgotten requirement for age validation in fisheries biology. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 112:735-743.

Begg, G.A., and R.W. Brown. 2000. Stock identification of haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus on Georges Bank based on otolith shape analysis. Transactions of the AMerican Fisheries Society 129:935-945.

Bestgen, K.R., J.M. Bundy. 1998. Environmental factors affect daily increment deposition and otolith growth in young Colorado squawfish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 127:105-117.

Bird, J.L., D.T. Eppler, D.M. Checkley, Jr.. 1986. Comparisons of herring otoliths using fourier series shape analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43:1228-1234.

Boehlert, G.W.. 1985. Using objective criteria and multiple regression models for age determination in fishes. Fishery Bulletin 83(2):103-117.

Bori, C.. 1986. Analisis morfometrico comparado del otolito (sagitta) de Solea vulgaris y S. senegalensis (Teleostei: Soleidae) del delta del Ebro. Investigacion Pesquera 50(2):247-264.

Bortone, S.A., L. Hollingsworth. 1980. Ageing red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, with otoliths, scales, and vertebrae. Northeast Gulf Science 4(1):60-63.

Botha, L.. 1971. Growth and otolith morphology of the Cape hakes Merluccius capensis Cast. and M. paradoxus Franca. Republic of South Africa Department of Industries, Division of Sea Fisheries Investigational Report No. 97.

Brothers, E.B., C.P. Mathews, R. Lasker. 1976. Daily growth increments in otoliths from larval and adult fishes. Fishery Bulletin 74(1):1-8.

Burke, J.S., D.S. Peters, P.J. Hanson. 1993. Morphological indices and otolith microstructure of Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus, as indicators of habitat quality along an estuarine pollution gradient. Environmental Biology of Fishes 36:25-33.

Campana, S.E.. 1990. How reliable are growth back-calculations based on otoliths. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47:2219-2227.

Campana, S.E., J.D. Neilson. 1985. Microstructure of Fish otoliths. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 42:1014-1032.

Campana, S.E., J.M. Casselman. 1993. Stock descrimination using otolith shape analysis. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 50:1062-1083.

Campana, S.E., M.C. Annand, J.I. McMillan. 1995. Graphical and statistical methods for determining the consistency of age determinations. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124:131-138.

Carlstrom, D.. 1963. A crystallographic study of vertebrate otoliths. Biological Bulletin 125:441-463.

Casselman, J.M.. 1990. Growth and relative size of calcified structures of fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 119:673-688.

Castonguay, M., P. Simard, P. Gagnon. 1991. Usefulness of fourier analysis of otolith shape for Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) stock discrimination. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 48:296-302.

Colura, R.L., T.L. King. 1989. Preliminary evaluation of the use of calcified structures for separating spotted seatrout stocks. Texas parks and Wildlife Data Management Series No. 3.

Coombs, S., and A.N. Popper. 1979. Hearing differences among Hawaiian squirrelfish (Family Holocentridae) related to differences in the peripheral auditory system. Journal of Comparative Physiology 132:203-207.

Corwin, J.T.. 1981. Audition in elasmobranchs. Pages 81-102 in Tavaloga, W.N., A.N. Popper, R.R. Fay. Hearing and Sound Communication in Fishes. Springer-Verlag. NY.

Cowan, J.H., Jr., R.L. Shipp, H.K. Bailey, IV, D.W. Haywick. 1995. Procedure for rapid processing of large otoliths. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124:280-282.

Currens, K.P., C.B. Schreck, H.W. Li. 1988. Reexamination of the use of otolith nuclear dimensions to identify juvenile anadromous and nonanadromous rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Fishery Bulletin 86(1):160-163.

Dale, T.. 1976. The labyrinthine mechanoreceptor organs of the cod Gadus morphua L. (Teleostei: Gadidae). Norwegian Journal of Zoology 24(2):85-128.

David, A.W., J.J. Isley, C.B. Grimes. 1994. Differences between the sagitta, lapillus, and asteriscus in estimating age and growth in juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus. Fishery Bulletin 92:509-515.

Degens, E.T., W.G. Deuser, R.L. Haedrich. 1969. Molecular structure and composition of fish otoliths. Marine Biology 2:105-113.

Dehadri, P.V.. 1957. On the swim-bladder and its relation with the inner ear in genus Notopterus (Lacepede). Journal of the Zoological Society of India 9(1):50-61.

Demski, L.S., J.W. Gerald, and A.N. Popper. 1973. Central and peripheral mechanisms of teleost sound production. American Zoologist 13:1141-1167.

Devereux, I.. 1967. Temperature measurements from oxygen isotope ratios of fish otoliths. Science 155:1684-1685.

Devries, D.A., C.B. Grimes. 1995. A biologically based method for allocating south Florida catches of king mackerel among eastern Gulf of mexico and Atlantic Ocean groups. MARFIN- Eighth Annual MARFIN Conf. Nov 28-29, 1995. Tampa, Fl..

Dickey, C.J., J.J. Isely, J.R. Tomasso. 1997. Slow growth did not decouple the otolith size-fish size relationship in striped bass. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126:1027-1029.

Dunkelberger, D.G., J.M. Dean, and N. Watabe. 1980. The ultrastructure of the otolithic membrane and otolith in the juvenile mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus. Journal of Morphology 163:367-377.

Echeverria, T.W.. 1987. Relationship of otolith length to total length in rockfishes from northern and central California. Fishery Bulletin 85(2):383-387.

Fay, R.R.. 1984. The goldfish ear codes the axis of acoustic particle motion in three dimensions. Science 225:951-954.

Fay, R.R., and A.N. Popper. 1975. Modes of stimulation of the teleost ear. Journal of Experimental Biology 62:379-387.

Fay, R.R., and P.L. Edds-Walton. 2000. Directional encoding by fish auditory systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 355:1281-1284.

Fitch, J.E., and R.L. Brownell, Jr.. 1968. Fish otoliths in cetacean stomachs and their importance in interpreting feeding habits. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25(12):2561-2574.

Fitzhugh, G.R., S.W. Nixon, D.W. Ahrenholz, J.A. Rice. 1997. Temperature effects on otolith microstructure and birth month estimation from otolith increment patterns in Atlantic Menhaden. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126:579-593.

Fowler, A.J.. 1989. Description, interpretation and use of the microstucture of otoliths from juvenile butterfly fishes (family Chaetodontidae). Marine Biology 102:167-181.

Fowler, A.J.. 1990. Validation of annual growth increments in the otoliths of a small, tropical coral reef fish. Marine Ecology progress Series 64:25-38.

Francis, M.P., M.W. Williams, A.C. Pryce, S. Pollard, S.G. Scott. 1992. Uncoupling of otolith and somatic growth in pargus auratus (Sparidae). Fishery Bulletin 91(1):159-164.

Francis, R.I.C.C., P.L. Horn. 1997. Transition zone in otoliths of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) and its relationship to the onset of maturity. Marine Biology 129:681-687.

Friedland, K.D., D.G. Reddin. 1994. Use of otolith morphology in stock descriminations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 51:91-98.

Frost, G.A.. 1928. A comparative study of otoliths of the Neopterygian fishes. The Annals of the Magazine of Natural History 10(1):451-456.

Frost, K.J., L.F. Lowry. 1981. Trophic importance of some marine gadids in northern Alaska and their body-otolith size relationships. Fishery Bulletin 79(1):187-192.

Gaemers, P.A.M.. 1973. New otoliths from the tertiary of the North Sea basin. Mede. Werkgr. Tert. Kwart. Geol. 10(2):58-75.

Gaemers, P.A.M.. 1976. New concepts on the evolution of the Gadidae (Vertebrata. Pisces), based on their otoliths. Meded. Werkgr. Tert. Kwart. Geol. 13(1):3-32.

Gaemers, P.A.M.. 1984. Taxonomic position of the Cichlidae (Pisces, Perciformes) as demonstrated by the morphology of their otoliths. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 34(4):566-595.

Gaemers, P.A.M.. 1984. Fish otoliths from the Bassevelde sand (Late Tongrian) of Ruisbroek, Belgium, and the stratigraphy of the early oligocene of Belgium. Meded. Werkgr. Tert. Kwart. Geol. 21(1):13-57.

Gaemers, P.A.M.. 1986. Recent progress in cichlid taxonomy based on otoliths, and its significance for the phylogeny of tilapines and haplochromines (Perciformes: Pisces). Ann. Mus. Roy. Afr. Centr. Sc. Zool. 251:143-150.

Gaemers, P.A.M.. 1987. A revision of the Gadidae otoliths (Pisces) from the Redonian of the Ligerian Gulf (NW France) and the stratigraphic position of the Redonian. Tertiary Rearch 8(4):105-125.

Gaemers, P.A.M.. 1987. Otolith biostratigraphy and paleoecology of well Eildelstedt-1, Nordgetranke (Hamburg area, F.R.G.), and comparison with some other Lagenfeldian and Gramian otolith faunas in the North Sea basin. Meded. Werkgr. Tert. Kwart. Geol. 24(1-2):95-118.

Gaemers, P.A.M.. 1988. Fish remains from the upper 63 m of borehole Zuurland-2 at Brielle (Province of Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands). Meded. Werkgr. Tert. Kwart. Geol. 25(1):61-71.

Gaemers, P.A.M., and M.D. Crapon de Crapona. 1986. Sexual dimorphism in otoliths of haplochromines (Pisces: Cichlidae). Ann. Mus. Roy. Afr. Centr. Sc. Zool. 251:151-155.

Gauldie, R.W.. 1988. Function, form and time-keeping properties of fish otoliths. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 91A:395-402.

Gauldie, R.W.. 1991. The morphology and periodic structures of the otolith of the chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tsawytscha), and temperature-dependent variation in otolith microscopic growth increment width. Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 72(3):159-179.

Gauldie, R.W.. 1993. Continuous and discontinuous growth in the otolith of Macuronus novaezelandiae (Merlucciidae: Teleostei). Journal of Morphology 216:271-294.

Gauldie, R.W.. 1994. The morphological basis of fish age estimation methods based on the otolith of Nemadactylus macropterus. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 51:2341-2362.

Gauldie, R.W., D. Dunlop, and J. Tse. 1986. The simultaneous occurence of octonia and otoliths in four teleost fish species. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 20:93-99.

Gauldie, R.W., D.G.A. Nelson. 1990. Otolith growth in fishes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 97A(2):119-135.

Gauldie, R.W., G. Coote, K.P. Mulligan, I.F. West, N.R. Merret. 1991. Otoliths of deepwater fishes: structure, chemistry and chemically-coded life histories. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 100A(1):1-31.

Gauldie, R.W., J. Xhie. 1995. Atomic force microscopy of the morphology of the matrix and mineral composition of the otolith of Hyperoglyphe antarica. Journal of Morphology 223:203-214.

Gauldie, R.W., N.M. Davies, G. Coote, I. Vickridge. 1990. The relationship between organic material and check rings in fish otoliths. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 97A(4):461-474.

Geffen, A.J.. 1982. Otolith ring deposition in relation to growth rate in herring (Clupea harengus) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) larvae. Marine Biology 71:317-326.

Gordon, J.D.M., S.C. Swan. 1996. Validation of age readings, from otoliths of juvenile roundnose grenadier, Coryphaenoides rupestris, a deep-water macrourid fish. Journal of Fish Biology 49(supp. A) 289-297.

Greenberg, L.A., E.B. Brothers. 1991. Intrastream variation in growth rates and time of first otolith increment formation for young of the year Etheostoma simoterum (Cope) (Perciformes: Percidae). Journal of Fish Biology 38:237-242.

Greenwood, P.H.. 1970. Skull and swimbladder connections in fishes of the family Megalopidae. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 19(3):121-141.

Guan, R., X. Wang, G. Ke. 1994. Age and growth of eels Anguilla japonica in a chinese river. Journal of Fish Biology 45:653-660.

Hales, L.S., Jr., M.C. Belk. 1992. Validation of otolith annuli of bluegills in a southeastern thermal reservoir. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 121:823-830.

Hare, J.A., R.K. Cowen. 1994. Ontogeny and otolith microstructure of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Pisces:Pomatomidae). Marine Biology 118:541-550.

Harvey, J.T., T.R. Loughlin, M.A. Perez, D.S. Oxman. 2000. Relationship between fish size and otolith length for 63 species of fishes from the eastern north Pacific ocean. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 150. 31pp..

Hoff, G.R., D.J. Logan, D.F. Markle. 1997. Otolith morphology and increment validation in young lost river and shortnose suckers. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 126:488-494.

Hutchison, W.F., G.R. Carvalho, and S.I. Rogers. 1999. A nondestructive technique for the recovery of DNA from dried fish otoliths for subsequent molecular genetic analysis. Molecular ecology 8:893-894.

Jearld, A., Jr., S.L. Sass, M.F. Davis. 1992. Early growth, behavior, and otolith development of the winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus. Fishery Bulletin 91(1):65-75.

Johnson, A.. 1996. Use of otolith morphology for separation of king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) and spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus). Gulf of Mexico Science 14(1):1-6.

Jones, C.. 1986. Determining age of larval fish with the otolith increment technique. Fishery Bulletin 84(1):91-103.

Kalish, J.M.. 1990. Use of otolith microchemistry to distinguish the progeny of sympatric anadromous and non-anadromous salmonids. Fishery Bulletin 88:657-666.

Kalish, J.M.. 1991. Determinants of otoliths chemistry: seasonal variation in the composition of blood plasma, endolymph and otoliths of bearded rock cod Pseudophycis barbatus. Marine Ecology Progress Series 74:137-159.

Kimura, D.K., C.R. Kastelle. 1995. Perspectives on the relationship between otolith growth and the conversion of isotope activity ratios to fish ages. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 52:2296-2303.

Krivobok, M.N., M.I. Shatunovskiy. 1976. Influence of gonad maturation on otolith weight increase in the Baltic cod, Gadus morphua callarias. Journal of Ichthyology 16(3):408-414.

Krumholz, L.A.. 1943. A comparative study of the weberian ossicles in North American ostariophysine fishes. Copeia 1943(1):33-40..

L'Abee-Lund, J.H.. 1988. Otolith shape descriminates between juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and brown trout, Salmo trutta L.. Journal of Fish Biology 33:899-903.

L'Abee-Lund, J.H., A.J. Jensen. 1993. Otoliths as natural tags in the systematics of salmonids. Environmental Biology of Fishes 36:389-393.

Ladich, F.. 2000. Acoustic communication and the evolution of hearing in fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 355:1285-1288.

Laidig, T.E., S. Ralston. 1995. The potential use of otolith characters in identifying larval rockfish (Sebastes spp.). Fishery Bulletin 93:166-171.

Lang, K.L., F.P. Almeida, G.R. Bolz, M.P. Fahay. 1996. The use of otolith microstructure in resolving issues of first year growth and spawning seasonality of white hake, Urophysis tenuis, in the Gulf of Maine- Georges Bank region. Fisheries Bulletin 94:170-175.

Leung, B., M.R. Forbes, and D. Houle. 2000. Fluctuating asymmetry as a bioindicator of stress: Comparing efficacy of analysis involving multiple traits. The American Naturalist 155(1):101-115.

Levi, D., M.G. Andreoli, E. Armeri, G. Giannetti, P.Rizzo. 1994. Otolith reading as a tool for stock identification. Fisheries Research 20:97-107.

Linkowski, T.B.. 1996. Lunar rythms of vertical migrations coded in otolith microstructure of North Atlantic lanternfishes, genus Hygophum (Myctophidae). Marine Biology 124:495-508.

Lombarte, A.. 1992. Changes in otolith area: sensory and area ratio with body size and depth. Environmental Biology of Fishes 33:405-410.

Lombarte, A., J. Lleonart. 1993. Otolith size changes related with body growth, habitat depth and temperature. Environmental Biology of Fishes 37:297-306.

Lombarte, A., J. Rucabado, J. Matallanas, D. Lloris. 1991. Taxonomia numerica de Nototheniidae en base a la forma de los otolitos. Sci. Mar. 55(2):413-418.

Lombarte, A., and A. Castellon. 1991. Interspecific and intraspecific otolith variability in the genus Merluccius as determined by image analysis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:2442-2449.

Lou, D.C.. 1992. Validation in annual growth bands in the otolith of tropical parrotfishes (Scarus schlegeli Bleeker). Journal of Fish Biology 41:775-790.

Lowenstam, H.A.. 1954. Factors affecting the aragonite:calcite ratios in carbonate secreting marine organisms. Publications of the Division of the Geological Sciences California Institute of technology, Contribution No. 669, Pages 284-322. Pasadena, California.

Lowenstam, H.A.. 1981. Minerals formed by organisms. Science 211:1126-1131.

Lowerre-Barbieri, S.K., M.E. Chittenden, Jr., C.M. Jones. 1993. A comparison of a validated otolith method to age weakfish, Cynoscion regalis, with the traditional scale method. Fishery Bulletin 92:555-568.

Maceina, M.J., B.R. Murphy. 1989. Differences in otolith morphology among the two subspecies of largemouth bass and their F1 hybrid. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 118:573-575.

Maisey, J.G.. 1987. Notes on the structure and phylogeny of vertebrate otoliths. Copeia 1987(2):495-499.

Mann, D.A., Z. Lu, M.C. Hastings, and A.N. Popper. 1998. Detection of ultrasonic tones and simulated dolphin echolocation clicks by a teleost fish, the American shad (Alosa sapidissima). Journal of the Acoustic Society of America 104(1):562-568.

Mann, D.A., Z. Lu, and A.N. Popper. 1997. A clupeid can detect ultrasound. Nature 389:341.

Marshall, S.L., and S.S. Parker. 1982. Pattern identification in the microstructure of sockeye salmon (Onchorhynchus nerka) otoliths. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 39:542-547.

McErlean, A.J., and R.C. Phillips. 1961. A technique for direct photography of translucent objects. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 90(4):500-501.

McMahon, T.E., and J.C. Tash. 1979. Effects of formalin (buffered and unbuffered) and hydrochloric acid on fish otoliths. Copeia 1979(1):155-156.

Messieh, S.N.. 1972. Use of otoliths in identifying herring stocks in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence and adjacent waters. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 29:1113-1118.

Miller, T.J., T. Herrera, and E.C. Leggett. 1998. The relation between otolith size and larval size at hatching for Atlantic cod, Gadus morphua. Fishery Bulletin 97(2):294-305.

Milton, D.A., S.A. Short, M.F. O'Neil, S.J.M. Blaber. 1995. Ageing of three species of tropical snapper (Lutjanidae from the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia, using radiometry and otolith ring counts. Fishery Bulletin 93:103-115.

Molony, B.W., and J.H. Choat. 1990. Otolith increment widths and somatic growth rate: The presence of a time lag. Journal of Fish Biology 37:541-551.

Morris, R.W., L.R. Kittleman. 1967. Piezoelectric property of otoliths. Science 158:368-370.

Mosegaard, H., H. Svedang, and K. Taberman. 1988. Uncoupling of somatic and otolith growth rates in Artic char (Salvelinus alpinus) as an effect of differences in temperature response. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45:1514-1524.

Mugiya, S.. 1972. On aberrant sagittae of teleostean fishes. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 19(1):11-14.

Mugiya, Y., T. Uchimura. 1989. Otolith resorption induced by anaerobic stress in goldfish, Carassius auratus. Journal of Fish Biology 35:813-818.

Mulligan K.P., R.W. Gauldie. 1989. The biological significance of the variation in crystalline morph and habitat of octonia in elasmobranchs. Copeia 1989(4):856-871.

Neuman, M.J., D.A. Witting, and K.W. Able. 2001. Relationships between otolith microstructure, otolith growth, somatic growth and ontogenetic transitions in two cohorts of windowpane. Journal of Fish Biology 58:967-984.

Nolf, D.. 1995. Studies on fossil otoliths- The state of the art. Pages 513-544 in D.H. Secor, J.M. Dean, and S.E. Campana (eds.). Recent Developments in Fish Otolith Research. University of South Carolina Press..

Nolf, D., and E. Sterbaut. 1989. Importance and restrictions of the otolith-based fossil record of gadiform and ophidiform fishes. Pages 47-57 in D.M. Cohen (ed.). Papers on the systematics of gadiform fishes Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series No. 32.

Nolf, D., and E. Steurbaut. 1989. Evidence from otoliths for establishing relationships between gadiforms and other groups. Pages 37-45 in D.M. Cohen (ed.). Papers on the systematics of gadiform fishes. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series No. 32..

Nolf, D., and G.L. Stringer. 1992. Neogene paleontology in the northern Dominican Republic. 14. Otoliths of teleostean fishes. Bulletin of American Paleontology 102(340):41-81.

Nolf, D., and G.L. Stringer. 1996. Cretaceous fish otoliths- A synthesis of the North American record. Pages 433-459 in G. Arratia and G. Viohl (eds.). Mesozoic Fishes- Systematics and Paleoecology. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen, Germany.

Nolf, D., and L. Taverne. 1977. Contribution a l'etude des otolithes des Poissons V. L'origine des Sciaenidae (Teleostei, Perciformes). Biol. Jb. Dodonaea 45:150-161.

Nolf, D., and S. Bajpai. 1992. Marine middle eocene fish otoliths from India and Java. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. Sciences de la Terre 62:195-221.

O'Connell, C.P.. 1954. The gas bladder and its relation to the inner ear in Sardinops caerulea and Engraulis mordax. Fishery Bulletin 56:505-533.

Palmork, K.H., M.E.U. Taylor. 1963. The crystal structure of aberrant otoliths. Acta Chemica Scandinavica 17:1457-1458.

Pannella, G.. -. Growth patterns in fish sagittae. Pages 519-560 in - Skeletal Growth in Animals.

Pannella, G.. 1971. Fish otoliths: Daily growth layers and periodical patterns. Science 173:1124-1127.

Parmentier, E., P. Vandewalle, and F. Lagardere. 2001. Morpho-anatomy of the otic region in carapid fishes: Eco-morphological study of their otoliths. Journal of Fish Biology 58:1046-1061.

Patterson, W.F., III, J.H. Cowan, Jr., E.Y. Graham, and W.B. Lyons. 1998. Otolith microchemical fingerprints of age-0 red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, from the northern Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico Science 1998(1):83-91.

Paxton, J.R.. 2000. Fish otoliths: do sizes correlate with taxonomic group, habitat and/or luminescence?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 355:1299-1303.

Platt, C., A.N. Popper. 1981. Fine structure and function of the ear. Pages 3-36 in Tavaloga, W.N., A.N. Popper, R.R. Fay. Hearing and Sound Communication in Fishes. Springer-Verlag. NY..

Popper, A.N.. -. A scanning electron microscopic study of the sacculus and lagena in the ears of fifteen species of teleost fishes. Journal of Morphology 153:397-418.

Popper, A.N.. 1979. Ultrastructure of the sacculus and lagena in a moray eel (Gymnothorax sp.). Journal of Morphology 161:241-256.

Popper, A.N.. 1980. Scanning electron microscopic study of the sacculus and lagena in several deep-sea fishes. The American Journal of Anatomy 157:115-136.

Popper, A.N.. 1983. Organization of the inner ear and auditory processing. Pages 125-178 in R.G. Northcutt and R.E. Davis, eds. Fish Neurobiology. Volume 1. Brainstems and Sense Organs. The University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor..

Popper, A.N.. 2000. Hair cell heterogeneity and ultrasonic hearing: recent advances in understanding fish hearing. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 355:1277-1280.

Popper, A.N., S. Coombs. 1980. Auditory mechanisms in teleost fishes. American Scientist 68(4):429-440.

Popper, A.N., and C. Platt. 1979. The herring ear has a unique receptor pattern. Nature 280:832-833.

Popper, A.N., and R.R. Fay. 1993. Sound detection and processing by fish: Critical review and major research questions. Brain Behavior and Evolution 41:14-38.

Popper, A.N., and R.R. Fay. 1997. Evolution of the ear and hearing: Issues and questions. Brain Behavior and Evolution 50:213-221.

Postuma, K.H.. 1974. The nucleus of the herring otolith as a racial character. J. Cons. Explor. Mer, 35(2):121-129.

Pulliainen, E., K. Korhonen. 1994. Sagittal otolith growth patterns in regularly and irregularly spawning burbot, Lota lota, in northern Finland. Journal of Fish Biology 40:149-157.

Pulliainen, E., K. Korhonen. 1994. Sagittal otolith growth patterns in regularly and irregularly spawning burbot, Lota lota, in northern Finland. Environmental Biology of Fishes 40:149-157.

Radtke, R.L., M.L. Fine, and J. Bell. 1985. Somatic and otolith growth in the oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau L.). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 90:259-275.

Rakocinski, C.F., B.H. Comyns, and M.S. Peterson. 2000. Relating environmental fluctuation and the early growth of estuarine fishes: Ontogenetic standardization. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129:210-221.

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