Swine
Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV)
Envelope Corona viruses (cf. SARS
virus).
Replicates in small intestine enterocytes, leads to fatal purging.
Recently evolved swine respiratory
coronavirus in which deletion in
the spike protein on the virus surface leads to limited replication in
GI tract but high replication in upper and lower respiratory tract of
pigs, leading to pneumonia.
Plant Made
Pharmaceuticals (Prodigene)
Envelope
coronavirus; has several coat proteins that are important as antigens.
One of these, a large surface
glycoprotein (spike=S protein), has been engineered into corn.
Streatfield S. J., et al. 2001.
Plant-based vaccines: unique advantages. Vaccine 19: 1742-2748.
Lamphear B.J,. et al.
2002. Delivery of subunit vaccines in maize seed. Journal of Controlled
Release 85: 169-180
Lamphear B. J., et al.
2004. A corn-based delivery system for animal vaccines: an oral
transmissible gastroentiritis virus vaccine boosts lactogenic immunity
in swine. Vaccine22:2420-2424
Synthetic
gene: Gene sequence
altered to suit codon-usage in corn. N-terminal cell surface
targeting signal (barley alpha-amylase) added, which enables protein
export and accumulation in the cell wall. Constitutive promoter,
therefore expression expected everywhere.
Synthetic gene sub-cloned
into maize expression cassette within transformation vector
Transformation vector includes right and left border sequences of an
Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid and gene conferring resistance to
herbicide Basta.
Transformation
of corn using A. tumefaciens:
- Immature embryos isolated, suspension of A. tumefaciens added, incubated
8-10 days.
- Transferred to herbicide containing medium, changed
frequently untill callus formed [why?]
- Transferred to regeneration medium, grown in light
Transgenic lines
expressing high levels of S protein in the seed backcrossed to
commercial lines [why?]
S protein expressed at high levels,
at about 13 mg/kg. This provides a dose of 20-30 mg protein in a single
feed (sufficient for immunization).
S protein-producing corn
tested on piglets; the immune system of the pigs could 'see' the S
protein and respond to it. The immunity shown to be passed on by
sows to piglets via milk.