Bt-cotton in India: a continuing saga


This page represents a bare skeletal indication of the enormous complexity of the 'problem' of implementing a new technology such as genetically modified (GM) crops.
[This page is in progress; I welcome feedback]
Cotton cultivation in the South Asia has a long history, and it has undergone many changes. Here is one account of cotton farming today, and one on why cotton is a problematic crop (Pakistan). Cotton is cultivated in states in the north (Punjab, Haryana), west  (Gujarat, Maharashtra) and south (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu). Non-traditional regions include Andhra Pradesh (AP). Here are maps that show areas of cotton cultivation, distribution of *approved Bt cotton hybrids, and states. Here is a USDA website on agriculture in South Asia.
*also a (pdf) fact sheet on approved hybrids.

Sketchy view of events in Indian agriculture
P.Sainath on Rural India
Vidarbha Andolan Samiti
Monsanto India: Preparing for worldwide control of food, crops
Mealy Bug (Maconellicoccus hirsutus? Phenacoccus gossypiphilous? P. solani?) on cotton
  The appearance of this pest clearly points to the need for collaboration between scientists in India and neighbouring countries
(in this case, cotton scientists in Pakistan)
Mealy bugs on chili crop in Pakistan


Below are developing events associated with Bt cotton in India. The most recent events are on top.


Cotton farming

Bt cotton Development, Research, Regulation



Politics, Legal issues, Policy, Commentary
 
IPR, Commerce

2008
Apr 18: Gujarat: bad weather hits crop; prod still high also spurious seeds
Apr 17: Haryana: Bt cotton may occupy 90% area







Mar 11: Punjab: mealy bugs [2006: in Gujarat]

Mar 07: Punjab: mealy bug and waterlogging may turn cotton growers to rice
Feb 24: Pakistan mealy bug, CLCV
Feb 21: Bt acreage Maharashtra> AP> Gujarat
Feb 19: Bt factor in inc cotton production and
here
Feb 05: Bt cotton acreage 66% of total
Jan 27: TN: Bt cotton acreage up 29% and here and here
Jan 25: AP--Bt cotton success
Jan 15: Bt cotton acreage up by 75% in north and here and here
Jan 13: Vidarbha farmers' woes
2008
Apr 22: CICR-Bt short staple cotton in two years
Apr 14: GM crops do not yield more
Apr 07: Rapid diagnostic kits for GM crops  (PIB India) here
Apr 08: PAU--Cotton research meeting
Apr 06: Punjab--IPM training
Apr 02: GEAC approves commercial release and field trials PIB

Mar 03: Punjab: PAU Bt cotton vars
Feb 24: No sign of resistance in India: Monsanto
Feb 08: Bt resistance--AZ NPR Hindu
Jan 25: Karnataka: Monsanto sponsored research--Bt cotton profitable and here and here
2008
April 12: AP: cotton seed price row returns and here and here
Apr 09: Call for ban on GM crop in AP
Apr 08: Orissa, GM seed protests







Mar 19: Orissa Bt cotton protest
Mar 05: Punjab--Bt cotton vars protest
Feb 14: SC--hearing field trials
Jan 29: The rise of Bt cotton
Jan 08: Bt cotton in Orissa-violation of biosafetly
Jan 01: World Cotton Conference in New Delhi, 2011
2008
Apr 22: Gujarat worst-hit by illegal Bt cotton seeds Remedial steps: MMB
Apr 15: Short-staple cotton needed for denim in short supply and priced high







Feb 12: Increased cotton production here here
Feb 10: Gujarat State Seeds Corporation to sell Bt seeds
Jan 31: Cotton prices rise
Jan 21:
Gujarat mills not getting enough cotton?
Jan 15: Exports expected to inc. 18-20% to 65 lakh bales
Jan 02: India boom global slump
2007
Dec 07: AP: Mahyco claims 61% increase in Bt cotton area
Nov 22: Bt crops in India (PIB)
Nov 19: Maharashtra Rising costs hurt Vidarbha farmers
Nov 15: MP: changing face of farmers
Nov 13: Punjab: production drop due to weather and pest attack (due to spurious Bt seed?)
Nov 12: Maharashtra: Vidarbha farmer suicide (1016th)
Nov 11: Cotton acreage up 65%
Nov 08: AP: Organic farming
Oct 19: Bt cotton makes farmer smile
Oct 04: Aarkavaadi, TN: Rasi field trials
Sep 29: Kharif: 5.33 m ha Bt/9.09 m ha total cotton; shortfall in coarse cereals
Sep 28: AP,Gujarat, Karnataka, TN: Child labour in cottonseed production
Sep 22: AP: distress of cotton seed farmers
Sep 19: Punjab: harvest good
Sep 19: Pakistan: 25% shortfall due to mealy bug and Cotton Leaf Curl Virus
Sep 14: Bt cotton 53 lakh ha out of 91 lakh ha (=60%)
Sep 14: Shortage of pesticides endagngers cotton crop in Pakistan
Sep 13: Maharashtra yield good
Sep 7: Gujarat: Kutch farmers prosper with cotton
Sep 4: Punjab: cotton may be set back by 25%
Sep 2: Punjab: whither Bt magic? (ET)
Aug 31: Punjab: Bt cotton under attack in Malwa (IE) Increased pesticide use; Mealybug in Gujarat? (countercurrents)
Aug 29: Gujarat:child labour in Bt cotton farms; Aug 31: Rally by GALU and CACL
Aug 28: Maharashtra: PM to review Vidarbha suicides

Aug 26: Maharashtra: Vidarbha suicides down;
Vidarbha suicides up [!!]
Aug 22: Punjab: cotton failure
due to mealy bug, Punjab News
[RG: This phenomenon could have been anticipated, given reports of a "...new pest* recorded in the year 2005 in Punjab and Sindh." Govt.Pakistan report (cached version) and here] *Maconellicoccus hirsutus
Aug 17: Cotton area 85.1 ha; Bt cotton 46.8 ha [rice decrease]
Aug 8: AP Adilabad--Bt cotton in 90% of 2 lakh ha cotton area
Aug 10: AP, Punjab: Cotton area increases
Jul 14: Textile industry to aid Vidarbha farmers
Jul 06: Bt cotton demand rises;  no explanation for livestock deaths
Jul 03: Gujarat--cotton acreage 23 lakh Ha, Bt cotton 14 Ha;




Jun 22: AP--Feb/Mar mortality of livestock confirmed
Jun 22: Kharif sowing delayed
Jun 12: Punjab--cotton crop wilts under heat wave (Bhatinda)
Jun 08: MP--24 Bt cotton varieties to be sold
May 21: AP Warangal--Bt cotton report 1, report 2, report 3
May 11: Bt cotton failed in Vidarbha: Minister























Mar 29: Farm suicides, Bt cotton: P. Sainath
Mar 15: Bt cotton cultivation expected to increase to 60% of total area
Mar 12: Harkishanpura (Bhatinda), Punjab: Bt cotton saves 'village for sale'
Mar 2: Bt cotton spells doom for cattle?
Feb 16: Cotton production may decline in Gujarat
Feb 2: Karnataka: Bt cotton 25% total cotton area
Jan 31: Area under Bt cotton up 39%; Hindu;
Jan 29: TN farmers compensated.
Jan 19: India surpasses China in acreage under biotech crops. [also here]





2007
Dec 22: Rasi seed developer awarded and here
Dec 12: Bt cotton finds favour in Ap: economics
Dec 04: AP: Long staple Bt cotton released
Nov 25: Mahyco-Monsanto looking to pulses and wheat
Nov 19: Modified Bt toxin kills  Bt-resistant insects
Nov 09: Mahyco cotton hybrid, Roundup Ready Flex for 2010
Nov 08: Cotton fiber development genes
Oct 31: Bt success: UAS VC
Oct 08: Centre for Sustainable Agriculture study in Gujarat
Oct 08: Bt corn detritus may harm non-target stream invertebrates
Oct 03: IDRC-Gene Campaign study launched

Sep 10: Kaveri Seed Bt cotton

??: Emerging pests in North Indian cotton (doc)


Aug 30: AP: Bt cotton does not reduce pesticide use (fewer sprays, but more qty per spray)
Aug 24: JK Agri Genetics stacked cry1AC and cry1EC variety by 2010
Aug 22: CICR Bt cotton trials stopped pending tests with large animals
Aug 24: Bt Brinjal trials with conditions
Aug 10: 'Biopestcide' against bollworm (TERI)
Jul 25: Front Line demos of cotton technology in Vidarbha
July 7: AP Coalition in Def. of Div. questions Assocham report
Jul 12: Benefits of Bt2--Assocham (here, here; here, here, in Warangal


Jun 21: Panchayats can deny permission for GM crop trials
Jun 17: Monsanto drought tolerant cotton and maize
Jun 14: GEAC approves 39+9 Bt cotton hybrids
Jun 08: GM crops and allergies
Jun 07: Meta-analysis: GM benefits (Science 316:1475-7, 2007). Searchable database.
Jun 07: Optimal pesticide use for cotton: Australia-India research
May 29: 'Bt cotton harmless': CICR scientist
May 29: Vibha Agrotech and Australian Centre collaboration
Here: Aug 15
May 18: GEAC approves commercial cultivation of 59  Bt cotton hybrids; 53 hybrids; total 111 hybrids
Apr 22: AP farmers confused by Bt cotton seed brands [Article] Apr 15: No negative impact of Bt cotton: Monsanto spokesman
Apr 8: India urged to allow scientific exchange with Pakistan
Apr 8: GEAC flouting law, acc to Planning Commision taskforce






Mar 28: Need for rational regulatory regime
Mar 17: Drought-resistant cotton: The Hindu, Financial Express
Mar 15: No approval of Bt cotton for commercial cultivation in summer '07
Mar 13: Bt Cotton not assessed for effect in health, plant life, environment (Lok Sabha Q&A)
Feb 17: National Inst Nutrition to investigate death of sheep
Feb 16: Bt cotton failed in Vidarbha (Gene Campaign) (Xinhua)
Feb 07: IDRC research study initiated
Jan 25: Effect of GM crops on developing countries [Stone, Wash. Univ, here with subscription; comment in Salon.com New Scientist
Jan 16: Agricultural De-skilling and the Spread of GM Cotton in Warangal. Article and discussion 




2007
Dec 25: Development (incl Bt seed) wins election for Mody Jan 2 TOI
Nov 06: Two views on GM crops
Nov 04: Let biotech crops bloom
Oct 24: Subsidy for Bt cotton seed from next Kharif
Oct 22: Punjab to fight fake Bt  seed racket
Oct 21: Nagpur high court hearing on plea for hike in support price for cotton (Vidarbha Jan Andolan Samiti)
Oct 15: Gujarat -- N Modi
Oct 12: Private revolution: King cotton is back with a bang!





Aug 27: Record cotton yield burden for Maharashtra (higher yield means government's cotton purchase bill is bigger
Aug 22: Bt cotton success stories
Aug 16: Cattle deaths not due to Bt cotton: MOE
Aug 07: Nat'l Seed Assoc to challenge AP ordinance on seed price
Aug 01: SC reservations on adjudicating technical subjects
Jul 11: AP to cap Bt cotton price









Jun 18: Increasing popularity of Bt cotton
Jun 16: Vidarbha farmers' widows urge Bt cottonseed ban Kalam hears woes
Jun 13: AP--Environment Act invoked to oversee Bt cotton Co
Jun 09: AP govt advises against Bt cotton; here; here

Jun 5: Build on Bt cotton success; FM
May 30: AP: Bt cotton seed sellers warned to keep price at Rs 750 per packet Blackmarket seeds
May 9: Biotech will dominate 21st century: press release
May 8: Gujarat: Child labour in Bt cotton fields
May 6: SC hearing on GM crop trial ban;OKs trials: TOI; economictimes; countercurrents;
May 5: AP--Bt cotton 2 seed price
May 1: How safe is Bt cotton for livestock? Frontline , 2
Apr 17: Andhra Dalit women win award for film
Apr 16: Campaign against Bt cotton motivated by Pesticide companies?
Apr 16: Bt is breakthrough technology
Apr 14: Bid to make Punjab 'global hub' for cotton


Mar 30: Plan to fight spurious Bt cotton seeds; here
Mar 21: AP: toxins in residual Bt cotton?
Mar 14: Punjab-need to increase cotton yield
Feb 23: TN bans Monsanto seed sale
Feb 03: Monsanto cuts rate of Bt cotton seed
Jan 25, 27: Commentary in Pakistan. Daily Times. The News.
Jan 10: Out-of-court settlement with Monsanto unlikely
Jan 02: AP for out-of-court settlement with Monsanto
Jan 05: MRTPC recommends inquiry against Monsanto 
Jan 01: JK group develops 19 Bt cotton varieties



2007
Dec 06: Haryana prod 2006: 20.02 lakh quintal vs 2007: 20.50; Acreage 2006: 5.30 lakh ha vs 2007 4.86 (10% in Bt); pdf
Dec 04: Cotton seed may get essential commodity status here
Dec 02: Gujarat textile industry and child labour
Nov 12: Textile industry has not benefitted from cotton prod
Oct 21: Pakistan: expected 14.3 m bales; loss due to mealy bug: 3.1.m bales/1.5 m bales
/
Oct 19: Fall in US cotton production (due to shift to grain) good for India, Bt cotton farmers smile
Oct 18: Cotton output expected to be below projections in Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra?
Oct 15: Cotton, sugar exceed projections?
Oct 07: Pakistan: cotton prices
Sep 29: Production China-7.1; India 5.1; USA 3.8 m tonnes
Sep 27: Indian cotton for China
Sep 24: Production expected 33 m bales (cf. 27 m bales 2006)
Sep 21: Bt cotton 60% of total production (Bt cotton ~58% total acreage...ie not much more productive?) but a Reuters report says "With increased adoption of ... Bt cotton, the average yield rose to 520 kg a hectare in 2006/07, from 308 kg in 2001/02."
Sep 11: Cotton prospect good
Sep 10: Kutch cotton yield high
Sep 4: Cotton prices slip





Aug 20: Cotton prices likely to remain stable
Jul 11: Bt2 farmers saved Rs 1600 per ha on pesticides
Jul 03: Global cotton prices rise
















Jun 18: TN--Gap between supply and demand
Jun 16: Bt cotton seed to be costlier
Jun 01: Prices may stay firm despite expected bumper crop
May 12: SC ruling restarts cotton seed supply





























Mar 20: Advanta India merger with US-BPL bring Bt cotton seed production; here; Apr 19
Mar 16: Bt cotton boosts output by 8.3% p.a.
Mar 15: Increased cotton production  NDTV;
Feb 20: Cotton import into Pakistan from India
Jan 18: Bumper crop unlikely to end cotton growers' woes.

Jan 01: Indian Biotech (Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw in Fin Express)
2006
Dec 29: The rich got richer, the poor took their lives
Nov 29: 100 suicides a month in Vidarbha
Nov 25: What bumper crop? Yavatmal (Sainath in The Hindu)
Nov 24: Bt cotton crop 8.6 m acres 2006 (3.2 m in '05)
Nov 23: 222 suicides in Yavatmal (Vidarbha Maharashtra) 2 in neighbouring Adilabad (AP): how, why?
Nov 20: Increase in acreage  indicates popularity of Bt cotton
Nov 18: Punjab production 25 to 7 lakh to 28 lakh
Oct 03: Cotton’s other reality check: Boom may take India past US [here and here]


Sep 30: All in a day: six farmers commit suicide
Sep 29:
India eyes bumper cotton crop as harvest begins [here]
Sep 16: Lower projected crop output this kharif
Sep 11: Showers in Gujarat may delay cotton arrival
Sep8: Punjab cotton production expected 27 lakh bales
Sep 7:
Maharashtra cotton acreage 3m Ha, Bt cotton 1.8 m
Aug 26: One suicide every 8 hours--Vidharbha. 
Hybrid cotton--73% area.  Area under Bt cotton rose from 0.4% in 2002-03 to 15% in 2005-06; 3% cotton land irrigated. Cotton area  declined from 16.12 lakh ha 2001 to 12.18 lakh ha 2005-6. Frontline article
Aug 23: Maharashtra floods damage cotton

Aug 15: Heavy rain, dry spell, more rain favours bollworm (Kranthi)
Aug 10: Bt cotton cultivation to double 2007
Aug 7: Bt cotton under cloud in China, also here
Jul 27: Pesticide use increases after some years of Bt cotton culture: China
Jul 18: Bt cotton and the price blight
Jul 13: Bt cotton acreage (15%) enhances cotton output
Jul 12: Virus and necrosis of Bt cotton in AP
Jun 6: Farmers in distress (CSE)
Jun 2: Lower seed price: Bt cotton acreage may increase
May 26: Delayed Bt cotton pricing puts farmers in a spot
May 04: Mass sheep deaths in sheep grazing on Bt cotton?
May 4:Water scarcity troubles Punjab cotton growers
Apr 18: Growers may increase long staple cotton DCH-32
Apr 4: Maharashtra Bt cotton farmers earn 68% lower incomes (YUVA).
Apr 4: Organic cotton more beneficial than Bt Cotton
Apr 1: Bt cotton yields  64% more than conventional crop (IMRB market research)
































Mar 29: Seed war: farmers in cotton trap.
Mar 28: Farmers told not to buy Bt cotton seed (Andhra).
Mar 21: First Bt Cotton grown in Pakistan
Mar 10: Organic cotton in Gujarat
Feb 27: Area under biotech crops grew fastest in India compared to rest of the world (Maharashtra, AP, Gujarat)
Feb 27: Monsanto’s Bt cotton has failed in India:
paign
Feb 23: Bt cotton acreage up, but production may be down
Feb 21: Bt cotton at root of woes (MP)
Feb 14: Villagescope — Reviving the rural economy
Jan 24: Guntur (AP) farmers keen to continue growing cotton
Jan 22: AP farmers hit by failed Bt cotton crop
Jan 18:Biotech "Revolution" May Be Losing Steam (Global)
Jan 14: Failure of RCH2 in MP, in AP  and AP
Jan 12: India plants 1.3 m ha Bt cotton in 2005, greatest growth
Jan 5: Tamil Nadu firms to promote cotton farming

2006
Nov 27: CICR study, Vidarbha  80% seed non-Bt or mixed
Nov 21: CICR, Nagpur will soon release Bt cotton soon

















Sep 01: Bt cotton prone to secondary pest attacks
[comment]
Aug 17: 70th GEAC mtg
Aug 4: Market-ready microbial pesticide (Bt)
Jul 29: NBRI-JK Agri Genetics (H'bad) to commercialize Bt cotton
Jul 13: Event based approval system, GEAC
Jul 10: Inappropriate cotton vars used for Bt. Centre for Science and Environment
Jul 7: Gujarat Ag Ministry seeks deregulation of Cry1Ac gene: condone 'desi' Bt cotton 
Jul 6: MRTPC notice to Monsanto: reduce seed price at par with China
Jul: Suman Sahai on MRTPC ruling

Jun 29: Indigenous private sector (Metahelix) Bt cotton seeds by 2007
Jun 16: ISAAA report on approved Bt cotton vars (pdf; includes map)
June 11: Cotton research institute develops low cost Bt seed detection kit
Jun 10: Cotton growing states say the Centre should frame guidelines for agreements between companies with a view to protect farmers and local seed companies
Jun 8: Biotech ministers clear proposals to relax norms for biotech sector in Agri and Medicine
Jun 7: Nature article
Jun 2: 'Event based' clearance for GM crops
May 25: Monsanto cotton hybrids approved by GEAC
[also here]
May 13: Govt may introduce its own Bt cotton seed
May 4: BT cotton cuts pesticide use:AZ research (PNAS pdf link)
May 1: GEAC nod for new Bt cotton, farmers cry foul
May 1: Monsanto claims Bt cotton benefits
Apr 24: Labelling rules unjustified
Apr 12: Monsanto's Bt cotton monopoly ends [also here]
Apr 5:
Two varieties of Bt cotton seed, JKCH-1947 Bt and NCEH-6 Bt, approved
Apr 4: GEAC approves two new Bt cotton varieties

Two studies:
2002, 2003 9,000 Bt vs. non-Bt cotton plots in Maharashtra (pdf)

ICRISAT compares infestation of Bt and non Bt cotton (pdf)
Feb 17: Centre announces mega projects for Punjab
Feb 14: Seeds of content - 'Kurnool Bt'
Feb 2: ICAR grants Rs 3.73 cr to PAU for seed production
Jan 24: Monsanto to introduce 20 new hybrid cotton seed
Jan 16: India to monitor field trials of GM crops
Jan 12: AP agriculture Minister Reddy urges six states to take action against Mahyco-Monsanto
Jan 12: GEAC meeting to review field trials

Jan 5: Bollgard II in Kharif 2006
Jan: MEC panel alleges safety violation


2006
Dec 08: MRTPC directs Monsanto to reply within 4 weeks [here]
Dec 05: Biotech crops a boon (TOI):
Dec 04: No plans to ban Bt cotton, Minister  Bhuria
Nov 20: GM crops
Nov 18: After killer cotton, killer brinjal?
Nov 16: MRTPC asks AP govt to clarify - response to Monsanto-MMBL split
Nov 10: GM RICE BURNT
Nov 09: AP Govt seeks say in field trials
Nov 05: Modified food for thought
Nov 02: Bt cotton film: fest on enviromental issues
Oct 28: 'Legalise swadeshi Bt cotton to abate crisis'
Oct 28: Boon and bane
Oct 08: Monsanto: MRTPC orders another proble
Oct 07: Benefit of doubt: SC ban
Oct 03: 'Kerala needs to wake up to the dangers of GE crops'
Sep 9: Relief packet is a bureaucratic sham: Sainath
Sep 6: SC notice to 3 states on trait value
Sep 4: Ignore US threat: label
Aug 30: Monsanto moves SC: TN, Karnataka directive
Aug 28: US opposes India initiative on GM food label
Aug 26: VC of TN Agri Univ. advocates modern technology in cotton cult.
Aug 23: Call for scientists to speak out on Bt cotton
Aug 16: Govt should not fix cotton seed price {CropLife)
Aug 13: India drowning in Pesticides: Vandana Shiva
Jul 25: Bt cotton: Good  [story from CropLife]
Jul 12: GEAC meeting attendees include Walmart and Monsanto
Jul 8: MRTPC chairman rules Mahyco-Monsanto should follow price control ruling pending Supreme Court ruling
Jul 2: MRTPC ruling may bring down cotton prices, further causing distress in Vidarbha
[Free seeds advised, coupled with proper extension advise; but see story on Nov 23)

Jun 26: AP files contempt application against Mahyco at MRTPC
Jun 26: MD Monsanto on Crop Biotechnology
Jun 26: Bt in food plants: long commentary
Jun 19: USDA/FAS GAIN report on Bt cotton situation in India
Jun 10: Rajya Raitha Sangha to burn Bt cotton fields
Jun 10: 8 states join AP to sue MNC seed
Jun 12: Lessons India can learn from China (Indian Seed Industry Assn)
Jun 6: Supreme Court rejects Monsanto plea for Bt cotton price hike
May 22: AP Govt issued notice on Monsanto plea [also here]
May 16: Monsanto challenges MRTPC order in Supreme Court
May 13: AICBA terms MRTPC ruling inappropriate
[also here]
May 11: MRTPC directs Mahyco not to charge Rs 950 trait value for Bt cotton
May 2: MRTPC reserves order against Monsanto (NDTV)
Apr 27: AP-Monsanto battle hots up
Apr 25: AP Guntur set to become a textile hub
Apr 22: Monsanto, AP govt cross swords over royalty
Apr 21: Nuziveedu Seeds accuses Monsanto of forcing it to charge high price for Bt cotton seed
Apr 19: Andhra cotton farmers seek action against Monsanto,
Monsanto facing ban
Apr 10: Monopolist Monsanto indicted, Business Std, Economic Times, NDTV,
Apr 6: US ambassador Mulford asks Gujarat CM Modi to curb illegal Bt cotton trade
Mar 27: Loopholes in testing transgenics
(IBNlive.com)
Mar 8: Monsanto seeks removal of its name from Bt dispute

Mar 6: Maharashtra: special aid for affected BT cotton growers
Mar 3,4: Bt cotton and farmer suicides: Public interest litigation (PIL) alleges ruin of farmers due to failure of government-promoted Bt cotton seeds. Farmers' friend in High Court.

Feb 15: Walkout over low yield from Bt cotton by opposition in Madhya Pradesh assembly
Feb 1: Activists outraged at Indian welcome to Monsanto chief
Jan 29: Monsanto gets notice over exorbitant royalty
Jan 23: Gujarat seeks reduction in Monsanto seed price, Monsanto meets more worries from Gujarat, Gujarat to take up Bt cotton seed prices with Monsanto
Jan 11: Seed firm castigated for low price paid to seed farmers (AP)
Jan 7: AP govt seeks farmer compensation for failed seed; 1; 2
Jan 4: Seed companies should give insurance to ryots: MSS
2006
Dec 28: Cotton output record 25m bales
Dec 08: Police firing
at Wani APMC (Vidarbha)- farmer dies. Procurement slow because of huge off-take of cotton and inadequate staff of the marketing federation, sub-divisional officer NS Fulzele said. [Hindu; Express; [Problematic pricing process Sainath]
Nov 24: Huge cotton stocks at Haveri APMC yard (Karnataka)
Nov 22: Cotton prices depressed--until Jan.
Nov 15: Kiran-Mazumdar-Shaw in biotech in India
Nov 09: Background note on textiles sector [Ministry of Textiles]
Oct 12: Bt cotton usage to add Rs 7K crore to rural economy [here and here]
Oct 02: South India Mills Association: new strategy to increase cotton output to 35m bales
Aug 22: Monsanto anxious over pricing of Bt cottonseed
Aug 26: Cotton exports forecast 42.5 lakh bales

Aug 14: Surge in exports: India to China
Jul 11: 2006-7 production forecast 25 m bales [here here and here}
Jul 10: GM seed prices should be decided by market
Jun 12: Pesticide sales down (Rs. 38-40 m to Rs. 35 m)
Jun 12: Bt acreage up, but no significant fall in pesticide; small fall due to tains)
Jun 4: MP Govt reduces price of Bt cotton seed
Jun 1: State Govts (AP, Maharashtra, Gujarat) fix price of Bt cotton seed at Rs 750 per 450 gm [also here]
May 25: Cotton Advisory Board estimates 260% increase in cotton exports
May 18: Reduction in cotton seed prices: Confederation of India Industry (CCI) for, Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) against
May 16: Indian 2006-7 cotton production 24 m bales: USDA
Apr 8: India's cotton requirement to increase to 32 m bales by 2010: CICR
Apr 7: Gujarat cotton output to reach 85 lakh bales

Mar 30: Bt cotton seed prices slashed
Mar 26: Rallis India:
Spillover effect from good monsoon
Mar 17: VAT on Bt cotton seeds abolished in Punjab
Mar 14: Telugu Yuvatha demand CCI  purchase entire cotton stock
Mar 10: Nuziveedu, Dupont ink deal on Bt cotton
Mar 6: Monsanto forced to reduce seed prices, Still  higher than in US
Feb 27: Steady world demand for cotton keeps prices afloat
Feb 24: Cheaper textile goods driving demand for cotton
Feb 23: Bt cotton increases yield and income (UK based PG Economics)
Feb 21: Cotton prices crash
Feb 15: Incentives in region worries (Pak) textile millers
Feb 14: Cotton prices falling (Global)
Feb 8:..queries on GM foods and BT cotton in seminar on EU
Feb 6: Rallis to market Nuziveedu`s Bt hybrids
Feb 2: "We don't believe in process labelling" (US Agr official)
Jan: In defence of Bt cotton (editorial)
Jan 24: With 240-mn bales production, cotton growers seek export sops
Jan 22: Spinning into prosperity
Jan 10: Pesticide sales down due to rain and Bt cotton?
Jan 9: Export expected upto 16.2 million bales
Jan 5: Low cotton prices
2005

Global Production
Dec 21: Demand up for Bt seed
Dec: Bt for better times? (Punjab)
Dec 2: Bt cotton acreage 2,30,000 acres (2003) to 12,13,359 acres (2004)
Nov: AP Guntur: Report [pdf]
Nov 30:
Bt cotton succumbs to boll weevil: Vidharbha, Maharashtra
Nov: Centre admits failure of cotton in AP and Rajasthan ; and here
Nov 25: Failure of Bt cotton in AP
Nov 25: Failure of Bt cotton (wilt) turns down farmers' hopes in MP
Nov 23: GM takes off in poor economies
Nov 20: Gujarat--8X increased cotton-'swadeshi' Bt seeds; state seeing second white revolution 
Nov 11: Bt seeds fail to germinate in TN; but look here
Nov 8: Cotton production rises 330 kg per hectare to 440 kg per hectare;
Increase due to Bt cotton.
Oct 31: Cotton wilt in MP
Oct 25: Transgenic cotton seeds seen as a tool to improve lower yields
Oct 23: Larger cotton crop expected
Oct 18: Punjab farm suicide
Oct 15: Seed companies refute charges of foul practise
Oct 14: Gujarat set for bumper crop season; Bt cotton price Rs 17,000-17,500 per bale (cf. Rs 16,500 for same var. in 2004).
Oct 5: Bt cotton cult to grow to 18-25 %
Oct 2: Punjab set for record cotton production
Sep: Bt Cotton woes
Aug 5: Organic Cotton Beats Bt Cotton in India
Jun 23: When, and what to sow?
May 25: Bt cotton varieties available
May on: Series of articles on agriculture in Vidharbha, Maharashtra (Sainath)
Apr 20: AP--TWN report
Mar 24:
Bt cotton part of increased cotton yield
Feb 21; Bumper cotton crop : Is it a Bt magic?
Feb 12: Contract farming, Tirupur

2005

Dec 27: Extra Long Staple Bt cotton to be promoted in S. India
Dec 20: Bt cotton introduced in haste
Nov 26: Final trials for new better Bt cotton - CRY1AC, CRY2AB (Monsanto)
Oct 14: Perception of Bt cotton in Gujarat (survey of 17 respondents in cotton industry, late 2004)
Oct 14: GEAC goes slow on approval of Bt cotton varieties because Cry 1Ac protein expression may be variable
Sep 29: GEAC’s Bt crop approval challenged
Sep 29: CICR varieties released
Sep 14: Sucking pests endanger bt cotton crop
Jul 25: Kranthi paper on variable expression  of Cry 1Ac in Bt cotton
Jun 11: ‘No Difference Between Bt, Non-Bt Cotton Output’ (Andhra)
May 26: Nuziveedu Seeds unveils Bunny, Mallika hybrid Bt varieties
May 7: GEAC defers final decision on extending Mahyco Bt cotton approval
May 2: Bt cotton affected by fungal diseases: ICAR All India Coordinated Project
Apr 14: Survey Shows Lower Bt Cotton Yield Against Normal Variety In AP
Apr 13: Non-Monsanto Bt cotton
Mar 18: Three-year study conducted by the Gene Campaign has rated the performance of Bt cotton hybrids as poor. The varieties have been developed by Mahyco in collaboration with Monsanto.
Mar 4: Report slams Bt cotton: * Shows it gave poor yields in AP , * GEAC decision today

Feb 23: Bt cotton growers invested 690% more toward pest management (Andhra)
2005

Dec 28: AP govt to challenge exhorbitant Bt seed costs
Dec 9: Rajya Sabha Q on Bt failure
Nov 24: Governor asks MP govt to probe failure of Bt cotton
Nov 19 Bt firms pulled up for unethical sales (NCF)
Nov 16: Gene campaign calls for action against seed fraud
Nov 11: Monsanto worried-fake Bt cotton seeds (Gujarat); Uncerified seeds
Nov 2: Greenpeace sues Monsanto for misleading advertisement
Oct 17: Bill to stop sale of fake seeds soon
Oct 17: 60% of Bt cotton in Punjab unauthorized
Sep 29: Dealers make a fortune selling spurious Bt cotton seeds
Sep 24: Farm bodies seek ban on Bt cotton cultivation
Sep 23: Seed company practises questionable, say NGO's
Sep 23: Farm bodies seek ban on Bt cotton cultivation due to failure in Andhra Pradesh
Sep 22: CSOs report foul practices in Bt cotton sales
Jun 4: Angry Andhra uproots Monsanto
May 21: GEAC tightens norms for Bt cotton approva
May 17: States Directed To Prevent Sales Of Unapproved Seeds
May 9: ‘Seize illegal biotech cotton seeds’: Farmers
May 5: Confusing GEAC decisions

2005

Dec 30: Bumper crop, high price: Gujarat, Maharashtra
Dec 5: Documentary on Bt cotton, positive outlook
Dec 2: Gujarat farmers lament poor price for cotton
Nov 27: Concern over low returns to cotton growers
Nov 22: Made-in-China apparel sold in some of the biggest retail chains in the US, in the summer of ’07, may have their thread running to Gujarat
Nov 9: Low cottonseed procurement price spawns child labour (AP)
Farmer's price: Rs 293 per kg;
Seed companies: non-Bt cotton hybrids Rs 1,055 per kg; Bt cotton hybrids Rs 3,555 per kg

Oct 31: Indian cotton coming strong
Oct 30: Monsanto India profits
Oct 19: Punjab CM seeks policy change to prevent distress sales
Oct 18: NCF calls for viable marketing network
Oct 17: National Commission for Farmers (NCF) visits Punjab; takes note of the "price difference that the cotton growers of the state are facing this season."
Oct 4: Dumping duty on US cotton import sought
Sep 27: Heavy arrivals bring down cotton prices in North
Jul 2: US growers subsidising Bt cotton in India?
Jun 30: As you sow, so shall you weep
May 5: Global cotton prices may increase — Change in demand-supply scenario
Apr 4: Three pvt mills all set for contract farming of cotton in TN
2004
Nov 29: Area under Bt cotton 1.3 ha (Monsanto)
Oct 5: Bt Cotton crop likely to create problem of plenty in AP
Sep 28: Rise in Bt cotton area key to record output
May 12: Demand For Bt Cotton Takes Root: Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan
May 10: Bt cotton results mixed
Jan 13: Area under Bt cotton 2002-3 38,000 ha (0.5%); 2003-2004:92,000 ha


REPORT ON 2001-3 Cro
2004
Jul 20: Nuziveedu Gets GEAC Nod For Cotton Hybrid Trials
Jun 28: India Develops New Pest-resistant Cotton Varieties
Jun 21: Raasi Seeds Sees Brisk Demand For Genetically-modified Cotton Seeds
Jun 16: GEAC: No approval for RCH 2 Bt cotton developed by Rasi Seeds Company Ltd.
Jun 7: Biotech Bandwagon: Finally, a national policy on the anvil
May 3: Experts Flay Swaminathan Panel Recommendations On GM Crops
May 3: What should be the future orientation of Indian agriculture: towards organic farming or transgenic crops cultivation?

Feb 11: Bt Cotton Benefits Short-lived: Study
2004
May 17: More Biotech Cotton Seeds Okayed For Field Trials, Commercial Cultivation
May 6: Divergent views on Bt cotton benefits to farmers (AP)
Apr 14: Bt cotton scam (Gujarat)

2004
Oct 5: Low global cotton prices may affect domestic growers
Apr 7: Rasi Seeds to sell 3 lakh Bt cotton packets
Jan 14: Gujarat Asked To Control Spurious BT Cotton Seeds
2003
Nov 21: Bt cotton area triples
Aug: Clandestine Bt seeds contribute to increased pink bollworm incidence?
July: Report on Bt cotton failure in AP and Maharashtra
 Report by AP govt. on crop failure sent to GEAC
Apr 18: Farmers' loss in Karnataka
Apr 14: Survey Shows Lower Bt Cotton Yield Against Normal Variety In AP Mar: Andhra Pradesh government to compensate farmers for losses; Greenpeace demands Monsanto compensation

2003
Nov 27: No separate system yet for Bt cotton sale
Oct 22: The Regulator’s Agenda: Benefit from global GM best practices
May 23: GEAC threatens future of GM technology
Apr 14: One season of harvest of Bt cotton in India is over, except in Tamil Nadu where the harvesting is yet to be completed.
April: Bt MECH-915 (Monsanto var.) rejected for sowing in N. India by GEAC because of susceptibility to virus. Problems of cotton cultivation in N. India.


2003
Jul 3:GEAC: mis-regulation?
Jun 14: Unofficial Bt cotton blooms in Gujarat — State Govt expresses `inability' to control the menace
2003
Jun 17: Monsanto turning into gene supplier
Apr 24: Mahyco Monsanto Claims Farmers Earned Extra On Bt Cotton Farming

Jan: Mills question monopoly on Bt cotton
2002
Dec: Mixed success of Bt cotton;
Failure of crops in Andhra Pradesh

May: Andhra Pradesh farmers warned against rushing into Bt cotton
March: Suicide by cotton farmers in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh


2002
Dec 9: Economists’ Report Card On Bt Cotton
Sep: Monsanto and Mahyco in joint venture to sell Bt cotton seeds (MMBL)
May: Tamil Nadu: Rasi, textile-seed company, given DBT nod for field trials
Mar 19: Scientist resent bid to push Bt cotton before trials
Mar: Bt cotton seeds approved for commercial sale
2002
Apr 23: Bt-less Farming: Punjab, Haryana
2002
July: Bt gene sub-licensed to more seed companies
April: Bt gene sub-licensed to 3 seed companies

2001
2001
 
Delay in approval of seed for commercial cultivation
Clandestine sales of Bt cotton seeds by Navbharat seeds (Gujarat)
First large scale trials by Mahyco
2001 2001 
Gujarat state government wants to
prosecute Navbharat seeds for transgression of Environment act, but not require separation of Bt and non-Bt cotton lint
2000
2000 May: Large scale trials by Mahyco approved


1999
1999 Ban on field trials rescinded


1998 Mahyco field trials publicized; field trials burnt by agitated farmers  (see an analysis of the lead up to these events here or here)

1997,1998 Nov-Dec: Crop failure, indebtedness, farmer suicides1,2,3,

1998 Nov: Field trials banned in Karnataka
June: Bt cotton field trials start
 

1996-98 Bollgard cotton back crossed into Indian varieties

1996 Maharashtra Hybrid Seed Company (Mahyco) given permission to import and test Bt cotton seeds

1998 Monsanto acquires 26% shares in Mahyco
Hybrid cotton
1990 Monsanto refused permission to test Bt cotton in India


1980's Cotton extended into non-traditional areas17





Sengupta, S. 1999. Cotton: the Death Harvest.  Health for the Millions, New Delhi.
Sharma, D. 1999. Farmer suicides: the pest in pesticidesBusiness Line.  August 24
Shiva, V., Emani, A., and Jafri, A. H. 1999. Globalisation and threat to seed security: case of transgenic cotton trials in India. Economic and Political Weekly. Mar 6: 601-613.
Sridhar, V. 1998. Lessons from a tragedy. Frontline, Sep 12.



Nair, K.P. P. Bt cotton: Winning a battle, but losing the war. The Hindu Businessline, July 4 2003.

K. R. Kranthi, S. Naidu, C. S. Dhawad, A. Tatwawadi, K. Mate, E. Patil, A. A. Bharose, G. T. Behere, R. M. Wadaskar and S. Kranthi. 2005. Temporal and intra-plant variability of Cry1Ac expression in Bt-cotton and its influence on the survival of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera). Curr. Sci. 89: 291-298 (pdf)
============================
Commentary and discussion:

Nov: Nature Biotechnology  23, 1326 (2005) "Monsanto's Bollgard potentially compromised in India"


Sep 29: GEAC's Bt cotton policy questioned Sahai also questions Kranthi's backtracking on Bt cotton traits.

Sep 5: Is Bt cotton unsuitable? Kranthi questions Sahai's interpretation of their Curr. Sci paper.

Aug 29: The science of Bt cotton failure in India.  Bt cotton must be permitted only in the form of true breeding varieties, not hybrids.
=============================
[also see Australian report: Olsen et al. 2005 "Changes in Cry1Ac Bt Transgenic Cotton in Response to Two Environmental Factors: Temperature and Insect Damage," J Econ Entomol]

http://www.bharattextile.com/newsitems/1998970
NEW DELHI: The US biotech Monsanto Inc in an application to the Monopolies & Restrictive Trade Practices Commission has urged to remove its name from the ongoing legal dispute between Mahyco Monsanto Biotech India Ltd and Andhra Pradesh government over high trait value, sources said here on March 07.
 
The company sought deletion of its name from the list of parties, as no relief was being sought against it by the state as it was neither involved in the licensing process nor in the pricing and trading of Bt cotton seeds in the country.
  
The counsellor AN Haksar of Mahyco Monsanto further informed that the company had already slashed the price of Bt cotton seeds by 30 per cent from Rs1250 to Rs900 for 450 grams of seed in the market. The commission has fixed the next date of hearing on March 27 and will decide on the Andhra Pradesh government’s application requesting it to hear the matter in Hyderabad. 
 
Mahyco Monsanto in its reply has denied charges of any restrictive and unfair trade practices likely to affect public interest, or interest of traders or the consumers and further seeks appreciations for making technology available to farmers through many sub-licensees.  
 
Further clarifies that, the company has been selling BT cotton seeds since 2002 in the country at comparable prices and there was huge demand for the seeds. Though the farmer pays a higher price for the BT seeds than for conventional hybrid, yet the farmer does so because of commercial consideration.
 
The Andhra Pradesh government had moved the commission against the multinational seeds major for charging abnormally high trait value.


A Meta-Analysis of Effects of Bt Cotton and Maize on Nontarget Invertebrates

Marvier M, McCreedy C, Regetz J, Kareiva, P. 2007. Science 316:1475-1477.
      Although scores of experiments have examined the ecological consequences of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops, debates continue regarding the nontarget impacts of this technology. Quantitative reviews of existing studies are crucial for better gauging risks and improving future risk assessments. To encourage evidence-based risk analyses, we constructed a searchable database for nontarget effects of Bt crops. A meta-analysis of 42 field experiments indicates that nontarget invertebrates are generally more abundant in Bt cotton and Bt maize fields than in nontransgenic fields managed with insecticides. However, in comparison with insecticide-free control fields, certain nontarget taxa are less abundant in Bt fields.


Mealy bug attack could have been predicted for Punjab--could Gujarat be next?

Questions:
- Is there any exchange of information between Pakistan and India on matters of such importance?
- Is the pest the same in all regions? Is it the pink hibiscus mealybug (Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green, pdf) or the Mexican mealybug Phenacoccus gossypii Townsend & Cockerell or Phenacoccus gossypiphilous Stanley (here)? Can it only be identified to the genus level,
Phenacococcus, doc? Is it a mixture of taxa? Are different taxa present in the different geographic locations?
- Is the current mealy bug infestation due to the same taxa as reported in Punjab (1980) and Gujarat (2000)?
- Could the species/populations have moved from India to Pakistan and back?
- Was there a single, wide-spread strain that today is sporadically attacking cotton in the different areas?

- Are growers in Gujarat aware of the possibility of a mealy bug attack in their crops?
- Are data being collected on occurence of the insect on cotton crops in other regions?
- If so, is this information available to cotton farmers in those regions?





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R. Geeta                                                                                                                   This page last updated on April 22, 2008